Abdulhamid II portrait, Ottoman sultan from 1876 to 1909, whose autocratically rules the reform movement of Tanzimat (Reorganization) reached its climax and who adopted a policy of Pan-Islamism in opposition to Western intervention in Ottoman affairs premium vector by fogbird

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illustration portrait male man drawing history historical constantinople empire islam istanbul ottoman sultan monarch government politics islamic middleeast leaders censor 1900s autocrat autocratic abdulhamid panislamist autocratically

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